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Tartaric acid (TA) changes short-term mechanical behavior and phase composition of sodium-metasilicate activated calcium-aluminate cement blend with fly ash, type F, when used as a set control additive to allow sufficient pumping time for underground well placement. The present work focuses on TA effect on self-healing properties of the blend under steam or alkali carbonate environments at 270 °C applicable to geothermal wells. Compressive strength recoveries and cracks sealing were examined to evaluate self-healing of the cement after repeated crush tests followed by two consecutive healing periods of 10 and 5 days at 270 °C. Optical and scanning electron microscopes, X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform infrared and EDX measurements along with thermal gravimetric analyses were used to identify phases participating in the healing processes. Samples with 1% mass fraction of TA by weight of blend demonstrated improved strength recoveries and crack plugging properties, especially in alkali carbonate environment.

This effect was attributed to silicon-rich (C,N)-A-S-H amorphous phase predominant in TA-modified samples, high-temperature stable zeolite phases along with the formation of tobermorite-type crystals in the presence of tartaric acid. Introduction Self-healing of cementitious materials has been explored in civil engineering during the last twenty years [,]. It is of particular interest for cases where the damaged areas are difficult to locate and reach []. High-temperature, aggressive environments of geothermal wells impose most difficult conditions on cementitious materials that must provide durable zonal isolation under repeated thermal, chemical and mechanical stresses []. Damaged cement sheath can lead to compromised zonal isolation, casing corrosion and, in worst cases, loss of the well. Economical cements that can recover their properties without human intervention are especially attractive for such applications. Although research on self-healing cementitious materials evaluates various innovative venues, such as encapsulation and utilization of hollow fibers [,,,,], intrinsic self-healing continues to be more economical and robust compared to other technologies [].

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Such self-healing was observed in civil structures long time ago []. Well cements have several advantages in terms of the conditions that may be favorable for intrinsic self-healing.

These typically include exposure to well fluids that may noticeably promote self-healing in cementitious materials [,,,]; cement sheath is constrained by the wellbore and casing that may limit displacement of the cracked and fractured species minimizing the size of fractures, which is one of the conditions for successful self-healing [,,]; and presence of other ions in the wellbore and formation fluids that may participate in the reactions with the set cement to form new products favoring cracks sealing and/or strength recoveries. In addition, high temperatures of subterranean environments, which limit applications of temperature sensitive materials such as polymers and bacteria, promote pozzolanic reactions even at low residual alkalinity of partially reacted cementitious matrix when fluids penetrate through fractures and cracks allowing cracks closure and matrix healing by the new reactants. The principal methodologies in intrinsic cement healing include hydration, swelling and expansion of non-hydrated cementitious components and latent reactions of secondary cementitious materials such as different types of fly ash, slags, clays, geo-materials and other pozzolanic materials such as glass [,,,,].

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